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Otkad živimo s koronavirusom, mnogi su se znanstveni pojmovi uvriježili u svakodnevnom jeziku, a jedan od njih je - soj.

Koronavirus se, kao što znamo, razmnožava u velikim brojevima i pritom ne kopira precizno svoj genom. Prolaskom kroz veliki broj jedinki optimizira svoje performanse kako bi bio što efikasniji. Dio njegovih mutacija ne predstavlja značajne promjene, dio mutacija smanjuje učinkovitost virusa, a dio mutacija ga čini efikasnijim na način da se bolje veže na receptor na stanicama koje inficira.

Takav je soj probojniji u pronalasku mjesta za umnažanje pa postoji šansa da pohara ljudsku populaciju i postane dominantna verzija. Upravo su mutacije glavni problem epidemiolozima širom svijeta, jer novi sojevi kao njihova posljedica izazivaju nove valove zaraze.  Do sad su kod nas već pronađeni britanski, škotski, južnoafrički, njujorški i češki soj, dok za brazilski još nemamo službenu potvrdu.

- Jako je puno mutacija izvornog virusa kao i mutacija mutanata, odnosno raznih sojeva. Kad nešto proglasimo sojem to znači da je drugačiji od wuhanskog virusa i da ima svoju karakteristiku širenja, karakteristike bolesti i izbjegavanja imunosti – objašnjava imunolog prof. dr. Zlatko Trobonjača.

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Profesor Zlatko Trobonjača
Matija Đanješić/Cropix
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Trenutno je u optjecaju na tisuće različitih sojeva koronavirusa, no stručnjake najviše brinu tri soja. Prvi je postao dominantan u većem djelu Velike Britanije i proširio se na više od 70 drugih zemalja, uključujući i Hrvatsku. Južnoafrički soj je drugi i sekvenciran je u najmanje 40 zemalja, među ostalim i SAD-u, Velikoj Britaniji, Slovačkoj, Grčkoj te Austriji, gdje se proširio po cijeloj zemlji. Treći soj, onaj koji najviše brine stručnjake, je iz Brazila. Kod sve tri inačice virusa došlo je do promjene u proteinu 'spike' (proteinu S), koji se veže za ljudske stanice.

Ovi sojevi imaju nekoliko različitih mutacija aminokiselina u proteinu šiljka ili brisanja nekoliko aminokiselina, čime je struktura ovog proteina donekle promijenjena. Brazilski soj u odnosu na izvorni ima ukupno 12 mutacija, a sva tri soja imaju N501Y mutaciju što svim ovim sojevima daje mogućnost bržega širenja.

Najopasniji oblik promjene virusa, puno fatalniji i od aktualnih sojeva, predstavlja rekombinacija ili multipla mutacija u spike proteinu. Pretpostavlja se da do nje dolazi kod ljudi s produženim Covidom-19 koji su već bili imunokompromitirani, te je takva produžena infekcija omogućila da virus dovoljno dugo živi, evoluira i sakupi mutacije kojima izbjegava imunosni odgovor  u povećanom obimu nego li je to za očekivati u normalnom tijeku bolesti kod relativno zdravog pojedinca.

Druga je mogućnost da se virus temeljitije rekombinira kad u nekom momentu preskoči s čovjeka natrag na životinju, u njima neko vrijeme evoluira, te se opet vrati u ljudskog domaćina u izmijenjenom obliku. Takav je bio slučaj varijante koja je utvrđena na farmi kuna u Danskoj gdje su zabilježene multiple mutacije spike proteina. Zbog toga je Danska odlučila poubijati više od 17 milijuna ovih životinja koje su uzgajane zbog krzna, a uzgajivače obeštetiti s ukupno 18,5 milijuna kruna.

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Otkad živimo s koronavirusom, mnogi su se znanstveni pojmovi uvriježili u svakodnevnom jeziku, a jedan od njih je - soj.

Koronavirus se, kao što znamo, razmnožava u velikim brojevima i pritom ne kopira precizno svoj genom. Prolaskom kroz veliki broj jedinki optimizira svoje performanse kako bi bio što efikasniji. Dio njegovih mutacija ne predstavlja značajne promjene, dio mutacija smanjuje učinkovitost virusa, a dio mutacija ga čini efikasnijim na način da se bolje veže na receptor na stanicama koje inficira.

Takav je soj probojniji u pronalasku mjesta za umnažanje pa postoji šansa da pohara ljudsku populaciju i postane dominantna verzija. Upravo su mutacije glavni problem epidemiolozima širom svijeta, jer novi sojevi kao njihova posljedica izazivaju nove valove zaraze.  Do sad su kod nas već pronađeni britanski, škotski, južnoafrički, njujorški i češki soj, dok za brazilski još nemamo službenu potvrdu.

- Jako je puno mutacija izvornog virusa kao i mutacija mutanata, odnosno raznih sojeva. Kad nešto proglasimo sojem to znači da je drugačiji od wuhanskog virusa i da ima svoju karakteristiku širenja, karakteristike bolesti i izbjegavanja imunosti – objašnjava imunolog prof. dr. Zlatko Trobonjača.

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Profesor Zlatko Trobonjača
Matija Đanješić/Cropix
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Trenutno je u optjecaju na tisuće različitih sojeva koronavirusa, no stručnjake najviše brinu tri soja. Prvi je postao dominantan u većem djelu Velike Britanije i proširio se na više od 70 drugih zemalja, uključujući i Hrvatsku. Južnoafrički soj je drugi i sekvenciran je u najmanje 40 zemalja, među ostalim i SAD-u, Velikoj Britaniji, Slovačkoj, Grčkoj te Austriji, gdje se proširio po cijeloj zemlji. Treći soj, onaj koji najviše brine stručnjake, je iz Brazila. Kod sve tri inačice virusa došlo je do promjene u proteinu 'spike' (proteinu S), koji se veže za ljudske stanice.

Ovi sojevi imaju nekoliko različitih mutacija aminokiselina u proteinu šiljka ili brisanja nekoliko aminokiselina, čime je struktura ovog proteina donekle promijenjena. Brazilski soj u odnosu na izvorni ima ukupno 12 mutacija, a sva tri soja imaju N501Y mutaciju što svim ovim sojevima daje mogućnost bržega širenja.

Najopasniji oblik promjene virusa, puno fatalniji i od aktualnih sojeva, predstavlja rekombinacija ili multipla mutacija u spike proteinu. Pretpostavlja se da do nje dolazi kod ljudi s produženim Covidom-19 koji su već bili imunokompromitirani, te je takva produžena infekcija omogućila da virus dovoljno dugo živi, evoluira i sakupi mutacije kojima izbjegava imunosni odgovor  u povećanom obimu nego li je to za očekivati u normalnom tijeku bolesti kod relativno zdravog pojedinca.

Druga je mogućnost da se virus temeljitije rekombinira kad u nekom momentu preskoči s čovjeka natrag na životinju, u njima neko vrijeme evoluira, te se opet vrati u ljudskog domaćina u izmijenjenom obliku. Takav je bio slučaj varijante koja je utvrđena na farmi kuna u Danskoj gdje su zabilježene multiple mutacije spike proteina. Zbog toga je Danska odlučila poubijati više od 17 milijuna ovih životinja koje su uzgajane zbog krzna, a uzgajivače obeštetiti s ukupno 18,5 milijuna kruna.

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Miguel Medina/Ilustracija/AFP Matija Đanješić/Cropix
Matija Đanješić/Cropix
Profesor Zlatko Trobonjača
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StoryEditorOCM
Svijetima li kraja ovome?

Novi sojevi Covida-19 postaju glavna briga znanstvenika u svijetu. U Hrvatskoj ih od najgorih zasad imamo pet, fali samo šesti - brazilski

Piše Davor Krile
13. ožujka 2021. - 08:27
17150214
PREMIUM
Miguel Medina/Ilustracija/AFP

Otkad živimo s koronavirusom, mnogi su se znanstveni pojmovi uvriježili u svakodnevnom jeziku, a jedan od njih je - soj.

Koronavirus se, kao što znamo, razmnožava u velikim brojevima i pritom ne kopira precizno svoj genom. Prolaskom kroz veliki broj jedinki optimizira svoje performanse kako bi bio što efikasniji. Dio njegovih mutacija ne predstavlja značajne promjene, dio mutacija smanjuje učinkovitost virusa, a dio mutacija ga čini efikasnijim na način da se bolje veže na receptor na stanicama koje inficira.

Takav je soj probojniji u pronalasku mjesta za umnažanje pa postoji šansa da pohara ljudsku populaciju i postane dominantna verzija. Upravo su mutacije glavni problem epidemiolozima širom svijeta, jer novi sojevi kao njihova posljedica izazivaju nove valove zaraze.  Do...

#SOJEVI KORONAVIRUSA#ZLATKO TROBONJAČA
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16. svibanj 2024 04:50